Rainwater harvesting refers to the systems and practices used to capture, divert, and store rainwater for later use. Implementing a rainwater harvesting system at home provides many benefits – from reducing your environmental impact to saving money on water bills. However, as with any system involving water, there are safety considerations to keep in mind when building and maintaining your rainwater harvesting setup. This article provides an in-depth look at rainwater harvesting, with a focus on how to integrate safety into every aspect of your system.
Why Harvest Rainwater?
Before diving into the specifics of home rainwater harvesting safety, let’s review the main reasons for harvesting rain in the first place:
Environmental Benefits
- Reduces strain on public water supplies and infrastructure
- Mitigates flooding and stormwater runoff pollution issues
- Lowers your carbon footprint through water conservation
Financial Incentives
- Save money on water bills by reducing municipal water usage
- Rainwater is soft and devoid of minerals, chlorine, etc., so kinder to plumbing
- Can lower water heating bills as rainwater is unheated
Resilience and Self-Sufficiency
- Provides a water supply buffer against droughts or restrictions
- Reduces reliance on public water supplies
- Gives a degree of water access in the event of natural disasters
So, in a nutshell, rainwater harvesting ticks a lot of boxes. The next step is learning how to build systems sustainably and safely.
Priority #1: Protecting Water Quality
Above all else, effective safety measures for rainwater harvesting systems boil down to ensuring protection of water quality.
When uncontaminated by outside influences, rainwater itself is inherently clean and safe. The natural process of precipitation has an intrinsic purifying quality. The goal then is to preserve the purity of harvested rain through smart catchment and storage methods.
There are two main mechanisms by which harvested rain can become unsafe for usage:
- Physical contaminants
- Pathogens
Let’s look at both in more detail:
Physical Contaminants
Items that can directly pollute water quality:
- Dust, leaves, bird droppings, etc. entering storage tanks
- Paint, wood preservatives, metals leaching from catchment surfaces
- Residues from cleaning products used near harvest systems
- Materials dislodged from damaged gutters/pipes/tanks
Pathogens
Microbes that can cause sickness:
- Bacteria, viruses, and parasites from animal/human contamination
- Legionella bacteria from water temperatures between 20‐50°C
- Gastrointestinal pathogens present in bird/rodent feces
With a clear picture of what constitutes safe rainwater, let’s get into how to protect it.
Read More: How to Protect Your Appliances in a Power Outage
Designing and Installing Safe Systems
When first designing and installing rain harvesting equipment, there are some overarching safety guidelines to bear in mind:
Use Quality Materials
Select materials designed specifically for potable water contact. Roofs/gutters made from uncoated galvanized steel, lead, painted materials, or treated wood are unsuitable and will leach dangerous metals/substances.
Prevent Access
Secure all access points to tanks/barrels with childproof latches. Lock entry lids on large underground reservoirs. Fence off external apparatus.
Include Bypass Valves
Bypass valves divert initial roof runoff containing higher debris accumulation. Similarly, “first flush” diverters exist to capture and discard first water flows.
Incorporate Mesh Screens
Mesh screens on gutters block leaves/debris before it enter pipes or tanks. Use self-cleaning designs reliant on gravity/flow rather than needing manual maintenance.
Separate Uses
Use dedicated faucets/hoses marked “non-potable water” for non-consumptive purposes like irrigation. Eliminates any drinking water contamination risk from the handling/storage of devices.
Maintain Accessibility
Ensure all components remain accessible for regular maintenance and safety inspections. Buried tanks without access ports will have water quality issues and be impossible to inspect/clean.
Check Regulations
Adhere to local codes and restrictions around rain harvesting. Many municipalities prohibit using rainwater for drinking/cooking and have tank sizing/placement limitations. Permits may be required.
By integrating these best practices into new harvesting systems, it paves the way for safe functionality and usage for years to come. Proper installation is the first step, but safety requires ongoing vigilance.
Maintaining Safe Systems
To keep a rain harvesting system operating safely once established, certain maintenance procedures should be scheduled and followed. This keeps the setup working optimally and minimizes water contamination risks.
Routine Inspections
Many rainwater safety risks can be headed off via regular visual inspections of the equipment. This allows you to catch any issues early.
| Component | Inspect For | Frequency |
| Gutters & Pipes | Clogs, leaks, damage, sagging, holes | Monthly |
| Roof Surface | Debris, vents, treatments, coverage gaps | Yearly |
| Mesh Screens | Holes, blockages, detachments | Monthly |
| Storage Tanks | Cracks, leaks, overflow issues | Yearly |
| Water Levels | Monitoring seasonal/event volumes | Monthly |
| Surroundings | Plants, trees, structures impinging space | Yearly |
Periodic inspections along these lines provide valuable peace of mind about system integrity. It also prompts you to preemptively replace any compromised parts before they become problematic.
Routine Maintenance
In addition to inspections, hands-on maintenance helps optimize performance and mitigate contamination vectors:
- Clear gutters of leaves/debris frequently
- Check/clean mesh screens routinely
- Brush down catchment areas before wet seasons
- Clear overhanging branches interfering with roof runoff
- Verify drainage around tanks to prevent flooding backups
- Clean storage tanks/cisterns annually
Building these tasks into your regular home maintenance calendar will go a long way toward upholding rainwater quality over the years.
Water Testing
Despite best efforts, unseen issues can arise, causing contamination in tanks. Annual testing checks for pathogens ensuring water remains safe for contact. Tests check pH, bacteria levels, and trace metals.
Many municipalities prohibit drinking untreated rainwater, given contamination risks. Get clear on local public health advisories regarding rainwater usage in your region. Recommendations range from basic filtration to UV sterilization to distillation before potable applications.
Understanding elective treatment options allows you to customize usage to suit your safety and comfort levels. And amplifies the value derived from harvested rain as more applications open up.
Special Safety Topics
Beyond fundamental system design and standard maintenance, there are some special safety considerations that depend on your unique site specifics and rainwater usage plans:
Water Storage Safety
Rain is collected and stored using a variety of vessels, from small rain barrels to large cisterns. Safety measures vary somewhat depending on your storage methodology.
Barrels:
- Tip-proof by securing to walls/posts
- Add stable bases if freestanding
- Include childproof latches
- Position under downspouts to prevent lifting/moving
Tanks:
- Anchor in ground if external
- Include lockable access hatches
- Install ventilation pipes if underground
- Use opaque materials to inhibit algae growth
Ponds:
- Fence off to prevent accessing standing water
- Maximize sun exposure discouraging mosquito larvae
- Position away from trees limiting contamination
- Line with non-toxic PVC liners suitable for drinking
Assess your unique rain storage plans and integrate appropriate precautions suited to the vessel type and retention duration.
Water Use Safety
Just as storage methodology determines risks, your intended water uses introduce specific precautions as well.
Indoor domestic applications like laundering or flushing toilets have lower safety bars than personally ingesting harvested water. Define your acceptable water quality thresholds based on the use case.
Some general usage guidelines:
Low-Risk Uses
- Irrigation, garden watering
- Washing vehicles, exterior areas
- Ornamental ponds, decorative fountains
- Toilet flushing, laundry
Higher Risk Uses
- Cooking, drinking, tooth brushing
- Bathing small children
- Pets drinking water
- Any internal room humidification
Get your rainwater tested more frequently when put towards higher-risk domestic uses, especially those involving direct human consumption.
And consider intermediate disinfection steps to deactivate potential pathogens ahead of indoor applications. Boiling water, basic filtration methods, or UV irradiation all offer supplementary safety assurance.
The core directive remains to avoid untreated rain contact with easily contaminated surfaces. Our skin, clothes, dishes, and bathing all represent potential transmission routes if water quality isn’t properly controlled.
Special Populations Safety
Children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses or suppressed immune systems all face higher-than-average risks from potential rainwater contaminants.
If these at-risk groups are amongst your household members using harvested rain, take extra precautions:
- Have rainwater tested 2-3 times yearly, not just annually
- Install secondary disinfection treatments prior to use
- Place signage on all outlets labeling rainwater source
- Educate all occupants on safety measures and usage guidelines
- Restrict access to storage tanks (locked lids, fenced off)
- Fix any minor system issues immediately, given vulnerability
While rainwater offers renewable sustainability benefits, those advantages can never come at the cost of adequate safety. Remember, the end consumer ultimately controls exposure. So emphasis the importance of water quality protection through education, smart usage, and proactive testing.
Integrating Rainwater into Emergency Planning
Beyond standard household applications, rainwater systems hold unique advantages when planning for emergency preparedness:
Weather Resilience
Water scarcity often accompanies droughts, floods, and storms. By buffering some supply, rain systems mitigate weather disruptions:
- Store enough for 2-4 weeks without municipal water
- Maintain gravity-fed setup needing no electricity
- Install hand pumps allowing manual access if power fails
Fire Protection
Strategically placed rain barrels provide a water source to help suppress external fires faster:
- Position barrels within reach of structures
- Use dedicated ‘fire barrels’ separate from domestic rainwater
- Include ready attachments for garden hoses to connect to
- Funnel overflow into small garden ponds boosting reserves
Off-Grid Capabilities
Harvested water reduces reliance on public utilities:
- Solar power pumps enable access without electricity
- Gravity setups needing no energy input
- Backup generator connections for worst-case outages
- Scale systems to provide indefinitely without grid inputs
Building in backup functionality around rain boosts overall home resilience, which is especially vital to managing unpredictable disasters or extreme weather events.
Knowing your family has a quality water supply no matter what chaos surrounds your area allows greater peace of mind.
Conserving Water Sustainably
In an era where climate change-fueled droughts continually threaten water security, rainwater harvesting provides a sustainable response helping secure this precious resource long-term.
Some compelling environmental conservation advantages:
- Avg household system captures ~270,000L annually, offsetting municipal supplies
- Reducing stormwater runoff decreases pollution, impairing lakes, rivers, oceans
- Energy savings from reduced water pumping/treatment needs
- Drought resistance for community green spaces using harvested rain irrigation
- Prevents aquifer overdrawing by tapping ambient precipitation renewably
However, sustainability must intertwine with safety to truly deliver lasting progress. As rain harvesting gains traction globally, prioritizing water quality protects the public health milestones we’ve worked so hard to achieve in modern times.
Safe rainwater systems allow communities to keep progressing as climate impacts escalate worldwide.
Economic Incentives for Homeowners
Beyond the clear planetary incentives supporting rain harvesting, many homeowners decide to implement systems based on the financial savings potential.
With utilities and taxes continually rising, rainwater provides a buffer against growing costs in multiple areas:
Direct Water Bill Savings
- Reduce usage charges from municipal sources
- Greater savings for households irrigating gardens, lawns
- Eliminates sewer charges on rain not entering waste stream
Indirect Savings
- Lower electricity bills if less water needs heating
- Reduces damage repair costs from local flooding on property
- Enhances real estate value for resale appeal
Financial Incentives
- Possible rebates/tax credits from local authorities
- Eligibility for property insurance discounts
- Improved mortgage rates given property enhancements
Evaluating the complete financial picture makes clear that a well-planned setup pays for itself in a short timeframe. And then provides enduring savings each year thereafter.
Large-Scale Adoption Potential
While single-family homes stand to benefit greatly from integrated rain harvesting setups, even more potential exists for large-scale adoption across institutions, commercial buildings, and multifamily residential projects.
Government plazas, universities, industrial facilities, and large apartment complexes have expansive roof areas ideally suited for catching phenomenal rain volumes. And proportional savings on utility budgets.
Creative large-scale applications also arise, like using rain to recharge groundwater aquifers, augmenting lake levels, suppressing wildfires in high-risk zones, and irrigating extra urban agriculture.
As water scarcity issues spread globally alongside climate change impacts, scaling up rain capture systems provides a constructive means of sustainable adaptation to protect communities. And drive progress resilient to the volatility ahead.
Conclusion
With the multiple compelling incentives covered here to harvest rainwater at home, the remaining key is embracing safety as an integral component driving system planning and maintenance.
Water quality counts as a non-negotiable priority whenever intercepting a natural process like the water cycle. Proactively managing contamination risks ensures rainwater systems supplement sustainability rather than inadvertently jeopardizing the very public health we aim to nurture long-term.
Thoughtful design choices, preventative maintenance investments and common sense precautions together build the foundation for regenerative water usage benefiting people and planet alike.
By taking a holistic view inclusive of safety alongside functionality, rainwater harvesting steps forward as a premier solution for resilience as communities worldwide rise to meet unprecedented environmental challenges in the years ahead.